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Showing posts with label English. Show all posts
Showing posts with label English. Show all posts

Monday, July 19, 2021

Aung Aung Sittwe's Books


လူ႕အခြင့္အေရး တက္ႂကြလႈပ္ရွားသူ စာေရးဆရာ ေအာင္ေအာင္ (စစ္ေတြ) ရဲ႕ အဖိုးမျဖတ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ စာအုပ္ႏွင့္ သုေတသန စာတမ္း အခ်ဳိ႕


ေအာက္ပါလိင့္အသီးသီးမွ ေဒါင္းယူပါ⤵



1. Irrefutable Rohingya

https://u.pcloud.link/publink/show?code=XZmH9CXZUMGzAR7w6k0gqyqyISRcYhNDXJ3V



2. Myanmar Crimes Against Humanity

https://u.pcloud.link/publink/show?code=XZop9CXZpGAqCe95peyLKo27vuDdH7utEIs7


3. We Need Your Help To End Rohingya Genocide

https://u.pcloud.link/publink/show?code=XZbp9CXZsJDVEEkcyd5qMbDJU8p8FzSTJSUk


#AungAung_Sittwe

#RohingyaGenocide

Friday, November 13, 2020

MOLFART

 


Molfart Checkers

Molfart is a popular Checkers board game of Rohingya. It is quite similar to the Arabic game Quirkat or Al-Qirq. It is also one of the  most popular games in South-East Asia like the game '16 Beads '. But, some playing rules and the shape of the board in the 'Molfart Game '  are different  from international checkers. In Arakan, you can find this game are played by boys and girls under the shady places.  From the olden ages to these days, Rohingya people have been playing Molfart to enjoy in their leisure hours. The word 'Molfart' means 'cross lines' . It is seemed to be inherited from Moguls during the Moguls Empire. 

The field of the board is divided into three parts. A big  square is drawn  in the centre of the board on which three horizantal and three vertical lines are drawn to make other 16 little squares within the big one. A diamond- like figure is also drawn on the square in such a way that the four corners of which are stretched amid the four lines of the big square respectively .Also,there are two triangles at both sides of the square ,and one horizontal and one vertical lines are drawn on each triangle. These drawings in the form of triangles are attached to the square in the opposite direction with each other. 

Molfart is played by two players sitting beside the two opposite sides of the gameboard. Each of the player has 16 uniform pieces but the colours or the shapes are different. Both of the players have turns alternately and they have to put their pieces at the intersection points of the lines.The pieces can be jumped  to and fro . A move consists of moving a piece diagonally or vertically to an adjacent, unoccupied square. But, a piece can be moved just one step. Each player can capture his or her opponent's piece with his or her piece jumping over it.  A single piece could capture a multiple pieces of his or her opponent if one of the two players  get a chance of unoccupied places to move his or her piece. But, capturing his or her opponent's pieces  is optional.

One can win the game when all the opponent's  pieces are captured or blocked by his or her pieces. 


By RohangKing

Saturday, October 24, 2020

Flocavulary

 




Flocavulary (ဖလိုကတ္ျဗဴလရီ)


ဟစ္(ပ)ေဟာ့ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ရက္(ပ)ဂီတလို႔ေခၚတဲ့ ဂီတဟာ ၁၉၇၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္လာက္က နယူေယာက္ၿမိဳ႕ရိွ လမ္းေတြနဲ႔ ကလပ္ေတြမွာ စတင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ ဒီေန႔မွာေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားစြာမွာ ၎တို႔ရဲ႕ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ ဟစ္(ပ)ေဟာ့ ဂီတေတြ ရိွလာခဲ့ၿပီျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ယင္းဂီတအမ်ဳိးအစားရဲ႕မူလဇာတ္ျမစ္ဟာ ရက္ေဂး၊ ဒစၥကိုနဲ႔ ဖန္႔(ခ) ဂီတ တို႔ကေန ဆင္းသက္လာတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဂီတရဲ႕ ရစ္သမ္ကို စကားေျပာျခင္းလို႔ အဓိပၸာယ္ရတဲ့ ရက္(ပ)ဂီတဟာ ဟစ္(ပ)ေဟာ့ဂီတရဲ႕ အေရးပါးတဲ့ က႑တစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ လူငယ္ေတြဟာ သူတို႔ရဲ႕ ဘဝနဲ႔ ႀကံဳေတြ႕ေနရတဲ့ ျပႆနာေတြမွာ ဘယ္လိုခံစားေနရတယ္ဆိုတာကို ေဖာ္ျပဖို႔ ရက္(ပ)ဂီတကို ဖန္တီးၾကတာပါ။ 


စာသင္ခန္းထဲမွာ ရက္ပဂီတကို ဖန္တီးျခင္း

သင္စာခန္းထဲမွာ ရက္ပဂီတကို ဖန္တီးခ်င္ပါသလား။ တကယ္ေတာ့ ဟစ္ပေဟာ့ ဂီတကို အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စုရဲ႕ ေက်ာင္းေပါင္းတစ္ေသာင္းေက်ာ္မွာ ဖန္တီးေနၾကၿပီျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဘာ့ေၾကာင့္ပါလဲ။ "ဖလိုကျဗဴလရီ" လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ ေက်ာင္းပ႐ိုဂရမ္အသစ္တစ္ခု ရိွလာၿပီ။ အဲ့ဒီမွာ ဆရာေတြက ေက်ာင္းသင္ဘာသာရပ္မ်ားစြာကို သင္ၾကားရာမွာ အေထာက္အကူျပဳတဲ့ ျပ႒ာန္းစာအုပ္ေတြနဲ႔ ဟစ္(ပ)ေဟာ့ စီဒီခ်ပ္ေတြကို အသံုးျပဳၾကပါတယ္။ သီခ်င္းစာသားေတြထဲမွာ ေက်ာင္းသားေတြေလ့လာေနတဲ့ဘာသာရပ္နဲ႔ ပတ္သတ္တဲ့ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္ ပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ အဲ့ဒါက လြယ္လြယ္ကူကူေပ်ာ္ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ရႊင္ ေလ့လာသင္ယူေစခဲ့ပါတယ္။ စာေမးပြဲ ရမွတ္ေတြမွာ အျပဳသေဘာေဆာင္တဲ့ သက္ေရာက္မႈေတြကို ျမင္ေတြ႕ရတဲ့ခါ ေက်ာင္းသားေတြနဲ႔ ဆရာေတြဟာ အံ့ဩသြားခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ ဆရာတစ္ေယာက္က "ကြၽန္ေတာ့္ စာသင္ခန္းမွာ ဟစ္(ပ)ေဟာ့သီခ်င္းေတြကို အသံုးျပဳလိုက္ေတာ့ သမိုင္းဘာသာရပ္မွာ ဒီေလာက္စိတ္အားထက္သန္တဲ့ ေက်ာင္းသားေတြကို မျမင္ဖူးဘူး။ ကြၽန္ေတာ္သင္ၾကားတာေတြကို ေက်ာင္းေတြမွတ္မိတာ မယံုႏိုင္စရာပါပဲဗ်ာ။ အဲ့ဒါက ကြၽန္ေတာ္တို႔  ကိုယ္ပိုင္သီခ်င္းေတြ ေရးဖို႔ေတာင္ စိတ္ကိုလံႈေဆာ္ေပးပါတယ္"လို႔ ဆိုပါတယ္။


ဖလိုကတ္ျဗဴလရီ က ဘယ္သူရဲ႕ အယူအဆပါလဲ။ 

အထက္တန္းေက်ာင္းတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္တဲ့ ဘလိတ္ဟာ ရစ္ဆန္ဟာ flocavulary ဆိုတဲ့ အယူအဆကို ပထမဆံုး စဥ္းစားမိခဲ့သူျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဖလိုကတ္ျဗဴလရီ ဆိုတဲ့ ေဝါဟာရဟာ  flow နဲ vocabulary ေဝါဟာရေတြကေန ဆင္းသက္လာခဲ့တာပါ။ ဖလိုး ဆိုတာ စတိုင္ပံုစံအတြက္ေပးတဲ့ ရက္(ပ) ဂီတ စကားလံုးပါ။ တစ္နည္းေျပာရရင္ ရက္(ပ) ဂီတသမားတစ္ေယာက္က သီခ်င္းတစ္ပုဒ္ရဲ႕ စာသားေတြကို ေျပာျပတဲ့ပံုစံပါပဲ။ သူ ဒီလိုအယူအဆကို ဘယ္လိုရခဲ့တာလဲ။ ဟစ္(ပ)ေဟာ့ သီခ်င္းတစ္ပုဒ္ရဲ႕ စာသားေတြကို အလြန္လြယ္လြယ္ကူကူ မွတ္ႏိုင္တာကို သူသေဘာေပါက္ခဲ့တယ္။ ဒါဆို ေက်ာင္းသင္ခန္းစာေတြကို အဲ့ဒီသီခ်င္းထဲ ထည့္သြင္းလို႔ မရဘူးလားေပါ့။ ဒီေန႔မွာ ေတးေရးဆရာ အဲလက္(ပ္) ရီပါေပါ့နဲ႔အတူ ဘလိတ္ဟာ သခ်ၤာ၊ သိပၸံနဲ႔ စာေပဘာသာရပ္ေတြမွာ ဟစ္(ပ)ေဟာ့ သီခ်င္းေတြကို ဖန္တီးေနပါတယ္။ အခုအခ်ိန္မွာေတာ့ ဒါကို ေက်ာင္းေတြမွာ သံုးလာတာ ေအာင္ျမင္မႈႀကီးမားစြာ ရရိွေနၿပီ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

Thursday, September 3, 2020

Silent Letter Words အေၾကာင္း သိေကာင္းစရာ



Silent letter words in English 

အေၾကာင္း သိေကာင္းစရာ

(Saya Rashid)

အပိုင္း (၁)

အဂၤလိပ္စာ စာလံုးအမ်ားအျပားတြင္ စာလံုးေပါင္း (spelling) ႏွင့္ အသံထြက္ (pronunciation) ျခားနားေနတာကိုေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ စာလံုးတစ္မ်ဳိး၊ အသံထြက္ တစ္မ်ဳိးျဖစ္ေနပါတယ္။ လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ ရာစုႏွစ္ အနည္းငယ္အတြင္းမွာ ဒီစကားလံုး ေတြဟာ မူလ original ႏွင့္မတူပဲ ေျပာင္းလဲခဲ့ၿပီးျဖစ္ေနတဲ့အတြက္ေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ စကားလံုးအမ်ားစုဟာ မူလ origin အတိုင္း ရိွေနပါတယ္။ ေအာက္မွာေဖာ္ျပထားမယ့္ စကားလံုးေတြဟာ ကြၽန္ေတာ္တို႔ ေန႔စဥ္ အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ silent letter words ေတြျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

ဘယ္အကၡရာ ရဲ႕ ေရွ႕မွာ သို႕မဟုတ္ ေနာက္မွာ ဘယ္ အကၡရာ ရိွေနရင္ ဘယ္အကၡရာကို silent လုပ္ရမယ့္ဟာ ေဖာ္ျပသြားမယ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။


1. Silent 'a' words 

' lly' ေရွ႕ 'a'ရိွေနရင္ အဲ့ဒီ 'a' ကို silent လုပ္ရပါမယ္။ 

ဥပမာ_ logically (3 syllable) /logikly/ လို႔ အသံထြက္ ပါတယ္။ 

- artistically, physically, musically 


2. Silent 'b' words

(a) syllable တစ္ခုထဲမွာ 'm' ရဲ႕ ေနာက္ 'b' ရိွေနရင္ 'b' silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။

Example- bombing (boming) လို အသံထြက္ ရပါတယ္။

- climbing, climbed, comblike, dumber,

dumbly, lamblike, limbless, plumbing, thumbed, wombed...

(b) ေနာက္ဆံုးအကၡရာ 't' ေရွ႕ 'b' ရိွေနရင္ 'b'silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ- debt ကို ' det ' လို႔ အသံထြက္ ရပါတယ္။ 

အျခားစာလံုးမ်ား- doubt, debtor, debtee, subtle.....

(c) syllable တစ္ခုထဲတြင္ 'b' ေရွ႕ 'b' ျဖစ္ေနရင္ ဒုတိယ 'b' ကို silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ- scribble /skribl/ လို႔ အသံထြက္ရပါတယ္။ 

အျခားစာလံုးမ်ား- abbess, abbot, abbreviations, babbling, chubby, bubble, cubby, fibber, gibbon, dibble, robber, rubbish......


3. Silent 'c' word မ်ား

(a) Syllable တစ္ခုထဲတြင္ 's' ေနာက္၊ 'e or i or y or h' ေရွ႕ c ရိွလွ်င္ 'c' silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ _ muscle /m^sl/ 

အျခားဥပမာစာလံုးမ်ား- fascinate, discipline, science, scene, ascending,.......

(b) Syllable တစ္ခုထဲတြင္ k ေရွ႕ c ရိွရင္ 'c' silent လုပ္ရတယ္။

 ဥပမာ -Lack/læk/ c သံ ျမဳပ္ပါတယ္။ 

အျခားဥပမာ စာလံုးမ်ား - Schick, pack, pluck, luck, black, block, attack, kick, rack...

(c) 'q' ေရွ႕ c ဆိုရင္လဲ c silent လုပ္ရတယ္။ ဥပမာ - acquiesce /ækwi'es/

အျခားဥပမာမ်ား- acquired, acquainted, lacquer....

(d) z ေရွ႕ c ဆိုရင္လဲ C silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ- czar, czarina,...



အပိုင္း(၂)

အဂၤလိပ္စာ ဘာသာစကား၌ silent words မ်ားစြာေတြ႕ရမွာပါ။ Silent letters ေတြက native speaker ေရာ အဂၤလိပ္စာ ေလ့လာသူမွာပါ အခက္အခဲမ်ားေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ အသံထြက္ ႏွင့္စာလံုးေပါင္း ျခားနားေနလို႔ပါ။ 

ဆက္လက္ေလ့လာၾကရေအာင္-


4. Silent letter 'd' word

(a) ' d ' ဟာ ge /g ေရွ႕မွာ ရိွေနရင္ 'd ' ကို silent လုပ္ေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ - badge /baj/ d သံ ျမဳပ္ရတယ္။ 

တစ္ျခားဥပမာစာလံုးမ်ား 

abjudge, acknowledge, adjudge, badge, begrudge, bludge bodge bridge, budge, cadge, Cambridge, cartridge, cledge, disacknowledge, dislodge, dodge, drawbridge, drudge, edge, fadge, fledge, flybridge, footbridge, frankpledge, fridge, fudge, gadge, grudge, hedge, impledge, judge, knowledge,…

(b) 'd ' silent လုပ္ရတဲ့ အျခား အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့စကားလံုးမ်ား 

Djibouti, handkerchief (‘d’ ဟာ /g/ သံထြက္ရပါမယ္။), handsome, handsomeish, handsomely, handsomeness, sandwich, veldt, Wednesday...


5. Silent 'e' letter words

(a) အဂၤလိပ္စာ မွာ e ႏုဲ႔ ဆံုးတဲ့ စကားလံုးေတြ အမ်ားႀကီး ေတြ႕ပါမယ္။ 

Languagtist ေတြရဲ႕ အဆိုအရ old English မွာ ေနာက္ဆံုး e ကို silent လုပ္ေလ့မရိွခဲ့ေပမယ့္ အခုေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာ ေနာက္ဆံုး ကို silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ တစ္ခ်ဳိ႕ loan word ေတြ မွ လြဲ၍ က်န္ e နဲ႔ ဆံုးတဲ့စကားလံုးအားလံုးလိုလိုမွာ e ကို silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ e နဲ႔ဆံုးတဲ့ စကားေတြကို ေလ့လာၾကည့္ရင္-

A) e နဲ႔ဆံုးျခင္း အားျဖင့္ သရသံ ေျပာင္းလဲ သြားရတာကိုလဲ ေတြ႕ရပါမယ္။ သံတို မွ သံရွည္ ေျပာင္းတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ- cut /kʌt /နဲ႔ cute /kjuːt/

hat နဲ႔ hate 

hug နဲ႔ huge

B) English မွာ v ဒါမွမဟုတ္ u နဲ႔ ဆံုးတဲ့ စကားလံုးမရိွပါဘူး။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ v နဲ႔ u ေနာက္ ရိွတဲ့ e ဟာ အသံထြက္ မွာ ဘာမွ effect မလုပ္ပါဘူး။ အဲဒီ e မပါရင္ v နဲ႔u ျဖင့္ ဆံုးၾကမယ္။ ဒါနဲ႔ရိွေနတာပါ။ 

ဥပမာ- give, have, clue, blue.... စတဲ့ စာလံုးေတြမွာ e မပါရင္လဲ အသံထြက္ ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမရိွႏိုင္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ မရိွရင္ v / u တို႔ျဖင့္ ဆံုးပါမယ္။

C) c နဲ႔ g ေနာက္မွာရိွ တဲ့ e ဟာ အဲဒီ c နဲ႔ gရဲ႕ အသံ ကို အသံေပ်ာ့ ျဖစ္ေစပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ- cat /k/ သံထြက္တယ္။ cent မွာ ေတာ့ /s/ သံထြက္တယ္။

 C နဲ႔ G ေနာက္မွာ ရိွတဲ့ silent e ဟာ /s/ သံ နဲ႔ /j/ သံ ျဖစ္ေစပါတယ္။ မဟုတ္ရင္ /k/ သံ နဲ႔ /g/ သံ ျဖစ္ေနမွာပါ။ 

ဥပမာ Lance မွာ e မရိွရင္ /k/ သံထြက္ပါမယ္။

Large မွာ e မရိွဘူးဆိုရင္ /g/ သံထြက္ပါမယ္။ silent e ေၾကာင့္ soft sound /s/ သံ /g/ ျဖစ္သြားတာပါ။

D) Syllable တိုင္းမွာ vowel ရိွရတယ္။ မဟုတ္ရင္ အသံထြက္ မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ဘူး။ ဥပမာ

Little ဆိုတဲ့ စကားလံုးမွာ syllable ႏွစ္ခုပါ။ ေနာက္ဆံုး e မရိွရင္ littl ျဖစ္သြားမွာပါ။ pronunciation effect ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။

exceptions (1)- love/ glove/ above/ have /come/ some/ none / oven/ cover/ glove/ ေတြမွာ short vowel sounds ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

(2) Resume (cv form)/ vice versa ေတြ မွာ e silent မလုပ္ပါ။


(6)*** F silent လုပ္ရတဲ့ စကားလံုး မရိွပါဘူး။

English မွာ F, J, Q, R, X, Y, and Z ေတြ ကို silent မလုပ္ရပါ။ တကယ္လို႔ silent လုပ္ရရင္လဲ တျခား language words ေတြ ျဖစ္ပါမယ္။


(7) G silent wotds

(a) syllable တစ္ခုထဲမွာ L ေရွ႕ g ရိွေနရင္ စကားလံုး တစ္ခ်ဳိ့ မွာ g silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ-

intaglio, passacaglia, seraglio, zabaglione.

(b) gm (consonant cluster) ျဖင့္ ရိွတဲ့ စကားလံုး 514 လံုး ရိွေၾကာင္း language ကြၽမ္းက်င္သူေတြက ေရးထားတာေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ m ေရွ႕ g ကို silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ အဲဒီ silent word ေတြမွာ gm ရဲ႕အသံ ဟာ m သံ သာ ထြက္ရၿပီး silent မလုပ္ရတဲ့ စာလံုးမ်ားမွာဆိုရင္ ၾကားမွာ faint pause လုပ္ရတယ္။ ေပ်ာ့ေပ်ာ့ေလးေပါ့။ 

Silent လုပ္ရတဲ့ စာလံုး ဥပမာ -

apothegm, diaphragm, epiphragm, paradigm

silent မလုပ္ရ faint pause လုပ္ရတဲ့ စာလံုး ဥပမာျပရရင္ batman, abridgment ေတြ ပါ

(c) n ေရွ႕ g ကိုလဲ silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ-

gnar or gnarr, gnarl, gnarled, gnarlier, gnarly, gnash gnat, ,gnathic, gnathion, gnathite, gnathonic, gnathonical, gnathonically,

-sign, design, align , assign, , campaign, champaign, codesign, foreign,

faint pause လုပ္ရၿပီး silent မလုပ္ရတာလဲရိွပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ-

Signature, significant

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အပိုင္း (၃)


'ေရးေတာ့အမွန္ ဖတ္ေတာ့အသံ ' တဲ့။ ဘာသာစကားတိုင္းမွာ spelling စာလံုးေပါင္း နဲ႔ အသံထြက္ pronunciation ျခားနားေနတဲ့ စကားလံုးေတြ အနည္းနဲ႔အမ်ားေတြ႕ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ အေျခအေနတစ္ခုမွာ စကားလံုးတစ္လံုးဘယ္လို အသံထြက္ရေၾကာင္း မၾကာခဏဆိုသလို စည္းမ်ဥ္းစည္းကမ္းမသက္ေရာက္ပုံႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ၿပီးေတာ့ ၿခိမ္းေျခာက္မႈေတြ ျဖစ္ေပၚေနပံု ရတာကို ေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ 

အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ အသံတိတ္အကၡရာေတြကို ဘယ္လိုအခ်ိန္တြင္ ဘယ္လိုစည္းမ်ဥ္းေတြ ရိွေနတယ္ ဆိုတာ ေဖာ္ျပလိုပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ႁခြင္းခ်က္အခ်ိဳ႕ရွိတတ္တာကို သတိထားပါ။

ႏိုင္ငံတစ္ႏိုင္ငံႏွင့္ တစ္ႏိုင္ငံ၊ လူမ်ဳိးတစ္မ်ဳိးႏွင့္ တစ္မ်ဳိး ဘာသာစကား၊ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ မတူညီတာကိုလဲ ေလ့လာေတြရိွႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ အီတလီတြင္ J ကို အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ႏိုင္ငံျခားစကားလုံးမ်ားတြင္သာ အသုံးျပဳပါတယ္။ ျပင္သစ္ဘာသာျဖင့္ J ဟာ အဂၤလိပ္လို အသံကဲ့သို႔တူညီတဲ့ အသံမရွိပါဘူး။

ဆက္လက္ေလ့လာၾကည့္ၾကရေအာင္…


(8) Silent letter 'h ' words

- ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာ 'h' အသံတိတ္ျဖစ္သလဲ

A. '' h '' ဟာ g 'ၿပီးေနာက္ စကားလုံးတစ္လုံးရဲ႕ အစတြင္႐ွိတဲ့အခါ ဥပမာ- ghastly ႏွင့္ ghost ကဲ့သို႔ ျဖစ္ေနရင္ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ တိတ္ဆိတ္စြာေနတယ္။ စကားလုံး အခ်ိဳ႕မွာ -

ဥပမာ။ ။ ghetto/ɡɛtəʊ /

Ghana (a country), Ghanese(adj), gharry(n), ghastful(adj), ghastliness(n), ghastly(adj), ghat(n), ghatti(n), ghazi(n), ghee(n), gheg(n), Ghent(a city)(n), gherao(n,v), gherkin(n), ghetto blaster(n), ghettoization(n), ghettoize(v), ghee(n), ghost(n,v), ghostfish(n), ghoul(n), ghoulie(n), ghoulish(adj).

'gh' ရဲ႕ အသံထြက္ ဟာ /g/ sound ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

B. စကားလံုးတစ္လံုးမွာ ‘h’ ဟာ ‘r’ ရဲ႕ေရွ႕ ျဖစ္ေနရင္ 'h'silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ- rhyme /rʌɪm/

rhabdom(n), rheme(n), rhenish(adj), rhenium(n), rheology(n), rhymes, rhesus baby(n), rhesus factor(n),

C. --'h' ဟာ စကားလုံးတစ္လံုးရဲ႕ အစတြင္ျဖစ္ၿပီး စကားလုံးကို သရသံျဖစ္ေစတဲ့အခါ 'h ' silent ျဖစ္သြားပါတယ္။ တစ္ခ်ဳိ႕ေတြဆိုရင္ faint /h/ h ကို အသံ မိွန္မိွန္ ဆိုရတာလဲ ရိွပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ- honestly/ˈɒnɪstli/

သရသံျဖစ္ေစတဲ့အတြက္ ဒီစကားလံုးေတြရဲ႕ ေရွ့ indefinite article သံုးရရင္ an သံုးရပါတယ္။ 

heir, heirdom, heiress, heirless, heirloom, heirship, honest, honestly, honesty, honorhonorability, honorable, honorably, honorarily, honorary degree, honorary, honored, honoree, honors, honourable, hours(n).

ေအာက္မွာေပးထားတဲ့ စကားလံုးေတြက က်ေတာ့ h သံ အသံမိွန္မိွန္ ျဖင့္ဆိုရမယ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

herb, herbage, herbal, herbivore, herbivorous, herbivorously, herbivorousness, herbless, herblet……


9. The silent K words

ဘာသာေဗဒပညာရွင္ေတြရဲ႕အဆိုအရ old english မွာဆိုရင္ 'n' ေရွ႕မွာရိွတဲ့ 'k' ကို အသံတိတ္ မလုပ္ၾကတာကို ေလ့လာသိရိွ ရပါတယ္။ ၁၅ ရာစု မတိုင္ခင္ ေရွ႕ေဟာင္းအဂၤလိပ္စာတြင္ 'k' သံျမဳပ္ေလ့မရိွၾကပါ။ Williams Shakespeare ေခတ္မွာေတာင္ k silent မလုပ္ၾကပါ။ ဥပမာ ဝါက်ေလးတစ္ေၾကာင္းၾကည့္ရရင္

'I know the knight will knock on the knave's door with his knife before entering' ဆိုတဲ့ ဝါက်ကို 

“I k-now the k-night will k-nock on the k-nave’s door with his k-nife before entering.”လို႔ ဆိုခဲ့ၾကတာကို ေလ့လာသိရိွရပါတယ္။။

၁၅ ရာစု အစပိုင္း အလယ္ေခတ္ အဂၤလိပ္စာမွာဆိုရင္ n ေရွ႕ k ရဲ႕ အသံထြက္ကို တေျဖးေျဖး silent လုပ္ေနတာကို ေလ့လာေတြ့ရိွရပါတယ္။

 ဘာေၾကာင့္ ဒီလိုလုပ္ရတာကို ျပတ္ျပတ္သားသား မသိၾကပါ။ ဒါေပမယ့္ တခ်ဳိ႕ သုေတသီေတြကေတာ့ ဒီလိုယံုၾကည္ၾကပါတယ္။ အဲ့ဒီအခ်ိန္မွာ Kn ဗ်ည္းစု မရိွတဲ့ Latin နဲ႔ France ဘာသာစကားဟာ လြမ္းမိုးေနတဲ့ ေခတ္ကာလ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ဆံုးအေနျဖင့္ 'k' သံ ဟာ လံုးဝ silent ျဖစ္လာပါတယ္။ စိတ္ဝင္စားစရာ တစ္ခုကေတာ့ German, Swedish ႏွင့္ Dutch ဘာသာစကားေတြမွာ kn cluster ရဲ႕ k သံ ကို ျမဳပ္ေလ့မရိွတာကို ေလ့လာသိရိွရပါတယ္။ 

K သံ silent လုပ္ရတဲ့ စကားလံုးတခ်ဳိ႕မွာ

Know, knowledge, knee, knot, knight, knit, knock,.... ေတြျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။

Knနဲ႔ အစျပဳၿပီး ေနာက္ဆံုး ck နဲ႔ဆံုးရင္ ေရွ႕ k ကို silent, ေနာက္ဆံုး k ကို အသံျပင္းျဖင့္ ထြက္ရပါတယ္။ 

အဲဒီစာလံုးေတြက knock, knack, knapsack ေတြျဖစ္တယ္။


10. L silent လုပ္ရတဲ့ စကားလံုးေတြေလ့လာၾကပါမယ္။

A. Syllables တစ္ခုထဲ L ဟာ d ရဲ႕ ေရွ႕မွာ ျဖစ္ေနရင္ L ကို တခ်ဳိ႕စကားလံူေတြမွာ silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ 

အဲ့ဒီစာလံုးတခ်ဳိ႕မွာ could, should, would 

B. Syllables တစ္ခုထဲ၌ a နဲ႔ f ၾကား L ရိွေနရင္ L ကို silent ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီစကားလံုးေတြက

ဥပမာ -

calf /kɑːf

behalf(n), calf bone(n), calf(n), calfhood(n), calfless(adj), calflike(adj), calfskin(n), calf-tongue(n), half a dozen(n), half gainer(n), half mask(n), half mile(n), half page(n), half(n, adj, adv), half-and-half(n, adj), halfback(n), half-holiday(n), half-hourly(adj, adv), half-length(adj), half-life(n), half-mast(n), half-moon(n), halfness(n), halfpace(n), half-pay(n), halfpence(n, adj), halfpenny(n, adj), halfpennyworth(n), half-time(adj, adv), halftime(n), halftone(n), halfway(adj, adv), half-wit(n), half-witted(adj), mooncalf(n).

‘alf’ ဟာ /af/ သံ ထြက္ရပါတယ္။

C. Syllable တစ္ခုထဲ L ဟာ a နဲ႔ k ၾကား ျဖစ္ေနရင္ L silent ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ-

chalk /tʃɔːk/

တစ္ျခားစကာလံုးေတြက

backtalk(n), balk(n,v), beanstalk(n), cakewalk(n,v), calk(n,v), catwalk(n), chalk, chalkboard(n), crosswalk(n), eyestalk(n), footstalk(n), jaywalk(v), jaywalker(n), leafstalk(n), moonwalk(n), overtalk(v), ropewalk(n), shoptalk(n), sidewalk(n), skywalk(n), stalk(n,v), talk(n,v), talkative(adj), talky(adj), undertalk(v), walk(n,v), ......... ေတြျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။

D. Syllable တစ္ခုထဲမွာ o န႔ k ၾကား L ျဖစ္ေနရင္ L silent ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ- folk /fəʊk/

တစ္ျခားစကားလံုးမ်ား-

folk music(n), folk poet(n), folk singer(n), folk writer(n), folk(n), folkiness(n), folkish(adj), 

folksy(adj), folktale(n), folkway(n), folky(n, adj), workfolk(n), yolk(n), yolkiness(n), yolky(adj)........ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။

‘olk’ ရဲ႕ အသံဟာ /ōk/ ဟုထြက္ပါတယ္။

E. ##m ရဲ႕ ေရွ႕ L ကိုလဲ silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ စကားလံုး- calm, palm,.....


11. M ကို ဘယ္အခ်ိန္ silent လုပ္ရမလဲ။

## m ဟာ n ေရွ႕ မွာ ဝါက် ေရွ႕ဆံုးမွာ ရိွေနရင္ m silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။

mneme(n), mnemic(adj), mnemonic(n,adj),

mn ရဲ႕ အသံ ဟာ /n/ သံထြက္ရပါတယ္။

To be continued >>>>



အပိုင္း(၄)

Silent letter ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး အပိုင္း ၁၊ ၂၊ ၃ မွာ အကၡရာ m အထိကို ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ၿပီးျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

ဒီေနာက္ဆံုးအပိုင္းမွာေတာ့ က်န္ေနေသးတဲ့ အသံတိတ္အကၡရာ နဲ႔ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ေဖာ္ျပပါမယ္။ ေတာ္ေတာ္ၿခံဳငံုမိေလာက္ၿပီလို႔ ယူဆပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာဘာသာစကားမွာလဲ ေရးတာတစ္မ်ဳိး ဖတ္ရတာတစ္မ်ဳိး အမ်ားႀကီးေတြ႕ရမွာပါ။ ဥပမာ-

၁။ ငါးေျခာက္ ကို ငေျခာက္( -ါး ကို ျမဳပ္ရပါတယ္။ )

၂။ ပုသိမ္ ကို ပသိမ္( -ု ကို ျမဳပ္ရ ပါတယ္)

အသံေျပာင္းတဲ့ စနစ္ က ရိွေနၿပီးသားပါ။ အသံျပင္းကို အသံေပ်ာ့ ေျပာင္း ဆိုရတာမ်ဳိး၊ ဗ်ည္းသံ ေျပာင္းဆိုရတာမ်ဳိး၊ သရသံ ကို ေျပာင္းဆို ရတာမ်ဳိးေတြ႕ ရပါမယ္။ ဒီစကားလံုးေတြကို native speaker ေတြ ေျပာဆိုတဲ့ အသံေတြ မ်ားမ်ား နားေထာင္ရပါမယ္။ 

တကယ္ေတာ့ listening skill ဟာ receptive skill ျဖစ္ၿပီး speaking skill ဟာ productive skill ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

နည္းတူ အဂၤလိပ္ဘာသာစကား အသံထြက္နဲ႔ ပတ္သက္တဲ့ အခက္အခဲေတြကို ကြၽန္ေတာ္တို႔လို second language အျဖစ္သင္ယူသူ အေနျဖင့္ မၾကာခဏေတြ႕ရႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒီလို အသံေျပာင္းဆိုရျခင္းမွာ အေၾကာင္းရင္းေတြ အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိး ရိွၾကတယ္လို ဘာသာေဗဒ ပညာရွင္ေတြက ဆိုၾကပါတယ္။ တစ္ခ်ဳိ႕စကားလံုးေတြကို

တစ္ျခားဘာသာစကားတစ္ခုမွ ေမြးစားရတဲ့ စကားလံုးမို႔ မူလဘာသာစကားမွာ ဆိုရတဲ့အတိုင္း ဆိုရေၾကာင့္ လိုလဲ ေျပာပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ tsunami ဆိုတဲ့ စကားလံုးကို Japan ဘာသာစကားမွ ေမြးစားရတဲ့အတြက္ေၾကာင့္ Japan ေတြက t ကို silent လုပ္သလို ဆိုရပါတယ္။


13. N သံ silent လုပ္ရတဲ့ စကားလံုး

**'n' ကို ဘယ္လိုအေျခအေနမွာ silent လုပ္ရသလဲ။ စကားလံုးတစ္လံုး ရဲ႕ ေနာက္ဆံုး 'm' ေနာက္ေရးရင္ n ကို silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ- autumn, column, solemn ,condemn,..... 

*mn ရဲ့ အသံဟာ /m/ သံထြက္ပါတယ္။

>>ဒါေပမယ့္ mn ေနာက္တျခားအကၡရာေတြ ရိွေနရင္

n ကို silence မလုပ္ရပါ။ 

ဥပမာ- omnipotent, omnivores...


14. 'P' သံ silence လုပ္ရတဲ့ စကားလံုးမ်ား

***'p' silent လုပ္ရတာကို လည္း တခ်ဳိ႕ စကားလံုးေတြမွာေတြ႕ရမယ္။ 

စကားလံုးရဲ႕ အစ မွ n ႏွင့္ s ေရွ႕ မွာေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ အဲ့ဒီ p ကို silence လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ- pneumonia, pneumatology, pneuma, psalm, pseudo, psycology

psephologically, cupboard, raspberry, receipt......


15. 'R' သံ silence လုပ္ျခင္း

***Silent <r> ဟာ အင္မတန္ ထူးျခားေနပါတယ္။ 

**/r/သံဟာ သူ႕ရဲ႕ေနာက္သံ ေပၚမူတည္ ေနတာကိုေတြ႕ရမွာပါ။ ေနာက္သံ သရသံျဖစ္ရင္ /r/ သံထြက္ေလ့ရိွၿပီး consonant သံ ျဖစ္ေနရင္ သို႔မဟုတ္ ေနာက္သံမရိွရင္ silent လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ 

ဥပမာ- fork, bird, cart စတဲ့ စကားလံုးေတြမွာ r ေနာက္ k, d, t ေတြ consonant လိုက္တဲ့အတြက္ /r/သံ ျမဳပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။

***IRON /aɪən/ ဆိုရင္ r ရဲ႕ေနာက္ vowel sound ရိွေနရင္လဲ /r/ သံ silent လုပ္တာကို ခြၽင္းခ်က္ အေနနဲ႔ေတြ႕မွာပါ။

***ေနာက္ဆံုးသံ /r/ ျဖစ္ေနပါက ျမဳပ္ရတာကိုေတြ႕ရေပမယ့္ connected speech ေတြမွာ ဒုတိယ စကားလံုးဟာ vowel sound ျဖစ္ေနရင္ silent မလုပ္ရပါ။

ဥပမာ car /kɑː(r)/

r သံေပ်ာ့ျဖင့္ဆိုရပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ car engine ကို သီးျခားမဆိုပဲ connected လုပ္လိုက္ရင္ /r/ သံထြက္ရပါတယ္။


16. 'S'silent လုပ္ျခင္း

**'s'silentလုပ္ရတဲ့စကားလံုးတခ်ဳိ႕ကိုေတြ႕ရမွာပါ။

aisle, apropos, chassis, debris, island /ˈʌɪlənd/, islander, isle, islet, puisne, viscounty.


17. T သံ ဘယ္အခ်ိန္ တိတ္ရသလဲ။

*** ေန႔စဥ္အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ စကားလံုးေတြထဲမွာ t silent words အခ်ဳိ႕လည္း  ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။ 

'ေရးေတာ့အမွန္ ဖတ္ေတာ့အသံ' ဆိုသလို မွန္မွန္ကန္ကန္ ဆိုတတ္ေအာင္ ေလ့က်င့္ရပါမယ္။ 

stenနဲ႔ ဆံုးၾကတဲ့စကားလံုးမ်ား- fasten အသံထြက္ ကေတာ့/ˈfɑːs(ə)n/

တျခားစာလံုးမ်ား listen, often, hasten, moisten, soften...

***stle နဲ႔ဆံုးၾကတဲ့စကားလံုးမ်ား - whistle, wrestle, thistle, ...ေတြမွာလဲ t silence ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

**ဘယ္လိုပဲျဖစ္ေစ၊ တခ်ဳိ႕စာလံုးေတြမွာ t သံ ဟာ ရိွေနရပါမယ္။ ဥပမာ- 

lastly အသံထြက္ /ˈlɑːstli/

နည္းတူ

justly, mostly, shiftless

/ˈʃɪftləs/ ေတြမွာလဲ t သံ silent မလုပ္ရပါ။


18. Silent U လဲ ရိွေသးတယ္။

*** Silent U ဘယ္မွာလုပ္ရမလဲ။

. ဥပမာ 

guide အသံထြက္ က /ɡʌɪd/

catalogue အသံထြက္ က /ˈkat(ə)lɒɡ/

language အသံထြက္ က /ˈlaŋɡwɪdʒ/

**G ေနာက္ u ကို silent လုပ္ရတာကိုေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။ တျခားပံုစံတူ စကားလံုးမ်ားမွာ 

intrigue, fatigue, technique, guide, guilty, league, business /ˈbɪznəs/


19. Silent W ကိုလဲ ေလ့လာၾကမယ္။

***Silent Letter W

what အသံထြက္ က/wɒt/

where အသံထြက္ /wɛː/ ဒီလို wh-စာလံုးေတြမွာ h သံ silent လုပ္ရေပမယ့္ who, whom, whose, whole, whore, whoop, စတဲ့ စကားလံုး ႏွင့္ ၄င္း တို႔ႏွင္ဆက္စပ္စကားလံုးေတြက်ရင္ w သံ silent လုပ္ရပါတယ္။

***r ေရွ႕ w ကို လဲ silent လုပ္ရတဲ့စကားလံုးေတြ မ်ားစြာ ေတြ႔ရမွာပါ။

ဥပမာ-

wrack, wrapped, wrath, wrathy, wreck, wrest, wrestle, wright, wring, wrinkle, wrist, writ, write, writing, written, wrong, wrote, wroth, wry,......

***W သံျမဳပ္ရတဲ့ တျခားစကားလံုးတစ္ခ်ဳိ႕မွာ

answer, awful, awry, sword, two.....


အဂၤလိပ္စာကို ေလ့လာသူ တစ္ေယာက္အေနျဖင့္ မိမိေလ့လာ သိရိွႏိုင္သေလာက္ကိုသာ မွ်ေဝလိုျခင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

ကြၽန္ေတာ္လိုပဲ ေလ့လာသူတစ္ဦးအတြက္ အသံထြက္ မွန္ကန္ဖို႔အတြက္ အေထာက္အကူျပဳ၊ အက်ဳိးျပဳႏိုင္တယ္ဆိုရင္ ေက်နပ္ပါတယ္။


Saya Rashid

( A Lifelong Learner )


References:

1. Pronunciations Dictionary

2. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

3. Collins Dictionary

4. Compact Oxford English Dictionary

5. Practical English Usage.

6. English language ဆိုင္ရာ အျခားစာအုပ္မ်ား





Saturday, May 2, 2020

Why am I different?

Why am I different?

Why am I a man of suffering,
Why am I a man of persecution
Why am I a man of ignored
Why am I a man of nameless 
why am I a man of hatred deserved

Even I am a biological man like you
Even I was born from a mother like you
Even I am breathing from the open sky like you
Even I have a heart with vibration like you
Even I am refilling energy with the soily food like you.
&nbsp; 

Why am I different from you?

- Rohangking
26-1-2020

Monday, September 30, 2019

Honesty Always Pays [ ရြဲကုန္သည္ႏွစ္ဦး ပံုျပင္ ]



Honesty Always Pays 


There in a town lived two peddlers, both dealing in pearl trinkets. While one of them was honest, the other was a crook.

Once the two of them went to the neighbouring town to sell their goods. In that town there was a big building, once owned by a rich diamond merchant. After a sudden loss in the business many of the family members of that household had died. The sole survivors were a girl and her grandmother who did menial jobs to earn their living.

The greedy peddler came to the door of that house, crying, “Pearl trinkets for sale!”

The young girl heard his cry and begged her grandmother, “Please buy me a trinket, grandmother.”

The granny said, “We are very poor, dear. There is not enough grain at home to feed us, let alone money. How do I get you the pearl trinket?”

The girl suddenly remembered an old bowl. “Look! Grandma!” she cried, “Here is an old bowl. Let us try to trade it for something nice.”

The golden bowl belonged to the great merchant, her late great grandfather. After his death, it had been thrown amongst the old unused things. Since it hadn’t been used for a very long time, it looked totally black.

The old woman examined the bowl. Since it was black, she could not realize that it was made of gold. She felt that it may have some value.

She showed the bowl to the peddler, who took it in his hand. Suspecting its real value, he scratched its back with a needle. He assured himself that it was made of real gold, worth several thousand rupees.

He immediately started planning on how to cheat the old woman and the girl. So, pretending to be angry, he growled, “Why did you bring me this bowl? It isn’t worth half a penny!” Then, throwing the bowl onto the floor, he walked out of the house.

Soon, the honest peddler came into that same street. He appeared at the door of the same house, crying, “Beads for sale!”

Once again the young girl made the same request to her grandmother. The old  woman said, “My dear, the first peddler refused to take the bowl. What have we got now to offer?”

“Oh, but that trader was nasty, Grandmother. I think this man will take it.”

“All right, then. Call him in.”

When the peddler came into the house, they showed him the bowl. The peddler immediately recognized that the bowl was made of gold. He told the old woman, “Mother, this bowl is worth several thousands of rupees. I am sorry, I can’t take this in exchange to the beads I have. The whole of my stock will not equal the worth of this bowl.”

Stunned at this, the old woman said, “Sir, another peddler who came before you said that it is not even worth half a penny. He actually got angry, threw it on the floor, and went away! It must be your goodness that has made the bowl of gold. Please take it. Just give my granddaughter whatever she wants to have from your collection. We will be happy.”

The peddler gave whatever he had; five hundred rupees and another five hundred rupees worth of goods in return for the bowl, and left the place.

Just then, the greedy peddler returned to the house as if to accept their deal half heartedly. He asked the old woman to bring out their bowl, saying he would give them something or the other for it.

The old woman flared at him saying, “You cheat! You told us that our golden bowl was not worth even half a penny. And now, we feel good that we didn’t make the bargain with you. Another peddler came here. He told us the bowl’s real worth, and has indeed made the deal. We’re happy even if he gave us just whatever he had with him. You are too late!” When the peddler heard this, he was outraged, and hysterical. He cried, “Oh! I’m robbed of my golden bowl.” Then, throwing away all his goods, he tore off his shirt, and ran towards the river, into which he slipped and drowned. The honest trader returned home and spent his life in charity and other good works.


Moral: “Honesty is rewarded”

🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍏🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎




Tuesday, April 2, 2019

My Last Shelter [The Art Garden's Poem]


My Last Shelter

By Rohang King 

In the hatred evolving environment, 
I have to live rotary. 
Among the swelling odor of enmity,
Where my mental picture can't breath free.

Surrounded me ghostly discriminators,
Oppressed me deeper and higher 
Elsewhere like cemetery, 
Open expand and silence destructed aviary.

My weaken sight can't dare
Even for a look, eyes flow nonstop tears 
Nature does not sing as before,
My verses look for a rhyme but tore.

Imagination is dizzying within restricted barrier,
Just want to escape to outside but not easier.

The power of thinking is lost her way,
I alone, now gradually losing ability to compose (by) astray.
That is my last shelter to be headway! 

[02-04-2019]

#TheArtGardenRohingya

Friday, March 8, 2019

Calculation of the Heart



Calculation of the Heart

♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥

Zero plus zero is equal to zero.
Whatever it is, I want to be your hero.
One plus zero is equal to one.
If you are the light, I am the sun.
One plus one is equal to two
Your love in my heart does always grow.
One plus two is equal to three.
Only for you, my heart is in free.
One plus three is equal to four.
If I get you, I want no more.
One plus four is equal to five.
By giving your love, just save my life.
One plus five is equal to six
The date of our marraige I want to fix.
One plus six is equal to seven.
My heart to you has already been given.
One plus seven is equal to eight.
Understand my love before it gets late.
One plus eight is equal to nine.
Without you, the world of my heart does not shine.
One plus nine is equal to ten.
If I could show you my painful heart in hand!!

♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠
-Kaladan Star
---------------------------------
💫💫💫💫💫💫💫💫💫💫💫

Monday, March 4, 2019

IF I Can …





If I can…

🚫🚫🚫🚫

In the depth of my wrecked heart, there,
I always bear painful pasts that are worse than 
abysmal nightmares.

If I have (enough) strength enough to explain,
I'll expose everything which hurt me 
in the field of mass killing.
I'll expose which I felt after my village was burnt down.
I'll expose those which agonized me when tyrants 
threw hungry babies into the blazing fire.
I'll expose about my book-shelf which was burnt 
along with my dwelling.
I'll expose about those my childhood friends of 
different faiths, who set fire on my village.
I'll expose those how mothers  screamed when 
their families were interred alive.
I'll expose how my heart was terrified due to 
the dreadful sound of ultra explosions surrounded 
like thundering in my ears.
I'll expose those cliff of bloods that flowed 
into the drills instead of water.
I'll expose those scenes where people were 
running away to save their lives.
I wanna expose everything which 
Genocidal government did on us.

But I can't do so, because I'm tired of deadly hurt,
 just visualizing them.
If I knew how to explain all these secret pains, 
rooted in my heart, this poor heart of mine 
with these burdens could find a way to  rest for a while!
♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠
RohangKing,
Mar 2, 2019 (Sat) 3:57 PM

Wednesday, February 6, 2019

Justice is Crying



Justice is Crying

😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭

When people are killed on the daylight.
Witnesses keep shut up their sights.
Court rooms are only for formality
Black-coats are judged on money.
Tyrant ignore the sound of knocking,  
O…Look! Justice is crying. 

When evils rule over everything
Humanity is means for nothing. 
Darkness of ignorance spread everywhere,
People are living with tear and fear.
Some silent sound coming from corner of 
surrounding.
O…Look! Justice is crying.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
RohangKing
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Justice is Crying by RohangKing
@all_poetry
 (link: http://allpoetry.com/14336826) allpoetry.com/14336826

Monday, February 4, 2019

Forgot You Not




💿 Forgot You Not 💿


O… Arakan,
Forgot you not, ever in life.
always remember you on my sight.
The pollens o' your beauty 
have been polinating inside, 
fill my heart in full of fruity pride.
Your soil always glitters like a moon, 
in the centre o' my memories' sky.
Your ever green ranges have arrayed 
like clouds, 
being floated around that moon.

With the language of your south breeze, 
I strung the garland of Rohingya
brotherhood.
With the touches of your fragrant air, 
I have been composing the garland of 
patriotic songs.

The more enemies torture us in fatal ways, 
the more you hug us with string of love.
The portrait of your love always appear 
in my memories.
How, then, could I forget you? 
Forgot you not, O... Arakan.
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
By
RohangKing
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷

Sunday, December 9, 2018

Duality



Duality

🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱

When the poverty knock the door,
People labelled me poor.
And run away far from me.
No shelter around to rest a while.
Screaming is remedy of solace. 

When the wealth touch in hand,
People called me wealthy man.
then approached near me.
Showed me respect and humble. 
Laughing is mask of animus. 

Whatever thou called me, but
I am the one, with a same heart.
I am the one, with same figures.
I have rights to live the way,
whether rich or poor.

_____________________________________

RohangKing

5 December 2018 [3:03 PM]

Monday, November 26, 2018

I Am A Traveller



I am a Traveller

♿♿♿♿♿♿♿♿♿

On the long highway of life,
I passed behind multi lamp-posts,
through slow and speedy drive. 

Many scenes I saw, many events I felt.
They wrote huge page of my experience. 
With the torn and fracture voyage.

My craft is going far and far
Without stopping at station a while. 
The more it far, the more my end is near. 

Destination is rather unknown pity,
Wherever I reached by destiny.
Left a crawling point of history. 

There is no U-turn on journey. 
There is no options for opportunity.
Rushing with outfaced the enemy. 

Some are faster, some are later.
All are Like the fellow-travellers.
But no body waited for one another.

Where initial point and final point are lonely,
I am a Traveller of that journey.
✉✉✉✉✉✉✉✉✉✉✉✉✉✉

RohangKing

Nov 26, 2018| 7:41 (Mon)

Tuesday, April 17, 2018

Make Annandacandra Inscription as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage


By Aman Ullah|


A seminar was held a seminar at the name and style of “Seminar on Sanskrit Literature of Rakihine” at Tawin Gurdan Hotel of Rangoon on 24th January 2018. It was participated with many including two foreign scholars and a Rakhine scholar speaker and led by U Zaw Aye Maung, Minister of Rakine National Affairs Rangoon Division.


The seminar discussed mainly on Annadacandra inscription which was about 1300 years old and very important cultural heritage of Arakanese peoples. The seminar unanimously decides to put it to the UNESCO as a Intangible Cultural Heritage.

An Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces that are considered by UNESCO to be part of a place's cultural heritage. Intangible cultural heritage is considered by Member States of UNESCO in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture.


The Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage was passed by the UNESCO General Conference held in 2003. At that time, the international community recognised the need to raise awareness about cultural manifestations and expressions that until then had no legal or programmatic framework to protect them.



Anandacandra Stone Inscription is a stone inscription which was erected by King Anandacandra and is a prasasti of king Anandacandra who ruled Arakan about 720 CE. That’s why it is called Anandacandra Stone inscription. Since it is now sited at the Shitthaung, it is also called the Shitthaung Pillar.



According to Pamela Gutman of Australia National University, the inscription found in Arakan dating between the 5th and 11th centuries enable us to reconstruct, in fairly broad sense, the history of the period. The most important are the royal edicts, the prasastis, which provide the framework for the political history.



The Anandacandra inscription is a priceless document, which not only has lists of the personalities of each monarch, but also some of the major events of every reign. It is not only an important epigraphic record but also it was part of a ceremonial tarana (portal) bristling with mystical connotations. The components forming this doorway were the pillar itself, a lintel, an octagonal column and a swinging gate.



The early history of this inscription pillar is a blank. It was first mentioned in the Rakhaing chronicles when it was conveyed from Vaishali on the orders of King Mong Ba Gree (reigned 1531-1553) to his Shitthaung pagoda at Mrauk U, nine miles to the south. Ten various dates are given for this event, such as 1534, 1535 and 1536. The north entrance of the pagoda then became the Inscription's new home. On the death of Mong Ba Gree in 1553, the pillar was neglected, and thereafter for over four centuries abandoned and finally used as a gatepost.



As noted rightly by Noel Singer, “if Johnston had not been translated the contents of the Inscription, it may be remained inaccessible for well over a thousand years, would never have been known. Although the Rakhaihg chroniclers, monks and laymen alike, were incapable of deciphering the Sanskrit text, they were not above providing fictitious names and accounts of the rulers of this and other ancient sites.” (Noel F. Singer, ‘Vaisali and the Indianization’pp.39-40)



The Shitthaung pillar was first notice by Dr E. Forchhammer. According to him, “about half a mile north of the palace, is the Shiithaung pagoda erected by King Minbin, the 12th of the Mrauk-U dynasty who reigned over Arakan from A. D. 1531 to 1553. The shrine is the work of Hindu architects and Hindu workmen; the skill and art displayed in its construction and ornamentation are far beyond to what the Arakanese themselves have ever attained to; the entire structure is alien in its main features to the native architectural style....to the left hand of the entrance (north side) of the shrine a square stone pillar rises to the height of 3.3m from the socket ; each side is 2 4"(.7m) broad ; three sides are covered with inscriptions in Nagari characters; that facing the east is almost entirely defaced and the text cannot be recovered ; the inscription on the north side is also much damaged; the lines are very irregular and the letters badly engraved ; that on the west side is best preserved; the south side of the pillar has not been inscribed; the stone exhibits no ornamental designs.”(Arakan..Forchhammer p.20)



Although Forchhammer first brought this inscription to the notice of scholars, it was not until 1929, when Duroiselle sent an apparently inferior set of rubbings to the Government Epigraphist in India, that preliminary account was published ASI 1929-26 pp.146-148 and ASB 1929-26, pp. 27-30 and 59-60. A number of misconception found in this reading have been perpetuated by some Indian scholars. Under the instigation of Professor Luce, a new set of rubbings, prepared by his able assistant U Sein was sent to Professor E. H. Johnston at Oxford. With the aid of an unpublished reading of the last fifty lines prepared by Dr N. P. Cakravarti, one-time Government Epigraphist for India, Johnston made an almost complete annotated transliteration of the inscription intended for Epigraphia Birmanica. The break in publication due to the war, and Johnston’s sudden death in 1942 led to his posthumous article “Some Sanskrit Inscription in BSOAS XI (1944) prepared by Prof. Luce “from old notes on the backs of envelopes” and with an excellent translation and further annotation of the transcription by Professor L. D. Barnett. A good rubbing was published in IB IV (pls. CCCXLVIII and CCCXLIX), together with bibliography. Although the importance of the inscription was now recognized, it was not until D.C Sircar in his article “Inscription of the Chandras of Arakan” in EI XXXII made new observation about the date and edited three new Chandra inscriptions that any significant progress in its elucidation was made.



The work of Johnston and Sircar was broght to the notice of Burmese scholars by U Myint Swe in his paper “ Annadacandra’s Sanskrit Inscription” in the Union of Burma Journal of literacy and Soial Science Vol. II,3 (Sept 1969) and again by the U Than Tha Aung, Director General of Higher Education, in his book “Annandacandra Inscription, publish by Rangoon University in 1976. (Gutman’s Ancient Arakan pp.35-36)



The Annandacandra Inscription is an invaluable heritage of Arakan, which Arakanese people regard to be very authentic and they are proud of it. It monument is the historical Heritage of all the peoples of Arakan.



Hence, we all raise our voice to make this monument to be Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and the UNESCO must consider it in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture.



However, it is worth mentioning that, the language that used in that inscription was different from Rakhine people but similar to Rohingya language.



Some of the usage of Inscription which are current or near to current in Rohingya language are: -

In the inscription Rohingya English
vasti vasti village
maya maya love
iva iva/ eva this
Pradesa Fordesh foreign country 
Jagata Jagat World
Satam Shat Hundred 
Krtm Karten Did
Rajyan Rashtri/rajastri Reign
Tena Tene/tain He
Nama Naame Name
Raja Rajah King

  
  
  

Thursday, January 4, 2018

What Does the 4th January Means for the People of Arakan


By Aman Ullah|


“Decolonization not only refers to the complete "removal of the domination of non-indigenous forces" within the geographical space and different institutions of the colonized, but it also refers to the "decolonizing of the mind" from the colonizer's ideas that made the colonized seem inferior.” 
                                                                                                                 Karl Hack (2008)


Arakan with an area of about 20000 square miles was long famous and widely known to Arabs, Dutch, Portuguese, and British traders as centre of international trade and commerce. It is situated in the tri-border region between modern day – Burma, Bangladesh and India. Although it is made a part of Burma now, it had never been so in the past.

Culturally, socially, economically and politically the people of Arakan were independent for centuries. Chiefly for its geographical location, it had not only remained independent for the most part of history but also endeavored to expend its territory in the surrounding tracts whenever opportunity came. Completely cut off from Burma by high mountain range of Arakan Yoma, the peoples of Arakan neither drank from the same water with Burmans nor dependant on them for trade and commerce. Neither of a single river flows from Arakan to Burma nor Burma to Arakan.

Whatever relation Arakan maintained politically, geographically, culturally and historically with Bengal, history has proved beyond doubt the Bengal never had any aggressive design on Arakan. According to DGE Hall, a modern historian, ‘there was time to time Burmese and Mon interference before establishment Mrohoung by Narameik Hla in1433.’ And it was by the invasion and occupation of Burmese king, Bodawpaya, in 1784, Arkan’s history as an independent kingdom came to an end. After 40 years of Burmese rule the British colonialist annexed Arakan to a British India in the first Anglo-Burma war of 1824 and it remained under British administration till Burmese independence on January 4, 1948.

January 4 was marked in the history of Arakan as unfortunate day that has lost of the legitimate right to independence of the people of Arakan by transferring of their sovereignty to the so-called Independent Sovereign Republic, which was to be known as ‘Union of Burma’. It was a joint-stock company of old-colonialism with neo-colonialism, a joint venture between the British and the coalition of Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL) that was to form Burma’s first independent government, to fabricate the artificial and false nationhood of ‘Burma’. And in this process the people of Arakan lost their right to independence, on account of these monstrous imperialists’ creation. This imperialist imposed administrative ‘unity’ or ‘nationality’ that has no legal validity under the Decolonization Law, and they cannot, legally deny the right to self-determination, and the right to separate legal existence of the people of Arakan.

Resolution 2625-XXV of the general Assembly of the United Nations that now constitutes a part of International Law regarding decolonization stated that “all colonial territories have ‘juridical status’ that is ‘separate’ and ‘distinct’ from the colonialist country, and ‘from their colonial territories’, and this separate juridical status remains as long as the people of each of this colonial territory have not yet exercised their right to self-determination.” The Britishers violated this principle of separate juridical status of colonial territories, when they transferred their legal ‘sovereignty’ over Arakan to the Burma Union.

Another fundamental principle is that a colonialist power has no sovereign right over a colonial territory, that it cannot transfer sovereignty to other power regarding territory that has also been trampled on. Sovereignty over a colonial territory resides with the people of that colony and not with the colonialist power. This has been stipulated in the UN Resonation 1514-XV. British’s transfer of ‘sovereignty’ over Arakan to Burma was therefore downright illegal. Britain has no sovereign power over Arakan. ‘Nemo dat quod non habet’, ‘No one gives what he does not have.’

The concept of ‘Union of Burma’, which was invented by the colonialists and based on the sanctity of the illegal boundaries of the colonial empire, was established by conquests. It is a state that is based on colonialist conquered territories without reference to the conquered peoples, their cultures, languages, histories, identities, and inalienable rights. Union Burma is thus admittedly a state based solely on British colonialism—without decolonization. M. Dillard, judge of the international Court of Justice, had stated that ‘it was the people who should determine the destiny of a territory and not the territory should determine the destiny of the people’. In the case of Arakan, the British conquered territory determined the destiny of the people of Arakan.

There can be no compromise between the concept of ‘Union of Burma’ and the principle of ‘decolonization’, because the one goes directly against the other. Decolonization requires ‘liquidation of all colonial empire’ with specific steps and definitive procedures, but Union of Burma exists on the principle of the total preservation of the territorial integrity of the previous colonial empire; an empire is not liquidated if its integrity is preserved. ‘Union of Burma’ is still an un-liquidated and un-decolonizes colonial empire with Burma replacing Britishers as the colonial masters.

In addition to these, there is no legality and judicial values of the Treaty on the transfer of ‘sovereignty’ between British and Burma signed on October 7, 1947, especially concerning the transfer of ‘sovereignty’ over Arakan to Burma.

Firstly, the glaring incompatibility of the Treaty with the decolonization principles of the UN, that had been imposed universally.

Secondly, this Treaty clearly violated the right to self-determination of the people of Arakan. 

Thirdly, the Treaty was neither signed by any representative of the people of Arakan nor given mandate from them. 

Fourthly, the power and authority of the people of Arakan was arbitrarily ignored in the Treaty.

Finally, the transfer took place without consulting the people of Arakn through plebiscite or referendum, and doing it outside all established procedures of the United Nations Decolonization Law and precedents set up by the International Court of Justice.

It is irony of the fate that the portion of time preceding Burmese independence was a very dark period for the people of Arakan. The people of Arakan hardly believe that the Burmans govern them; but they strongly feel that they are colonized. After being integrated into Burma the people of Arakan have been a part of unitary state of the Union of Burma during which time they have been subjected to brutal and inhuman treatment such as; human rights abuses, killings, rapes, ignorance, poverty and social injustice and have been subjected to virtual ethnic and cultural genocide.

🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝🚝